Transboundary Emerging and Exotic Animal Disease/ Exotic Animal Disease Practice Exam

What is a significant factor that contributed to the spread of HPAI to North America in 2015?

1. Contaminated poultry products from Europe

2. Illegal exotic bird smuggling

3. Infected migratory waterfowl

4. Domestic poultry trade

The correct answer is: Infected migratory waterfowl

The significant factor that contributed to the spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) to North America in 2015 was infected migratory waterfowl. These birds are known carriers of various strains of avian influenza viruses, including HPAI. During their migratory patterns, they can transmit the virus to domestic poultry and other bird populations. The movement of these infected wildfowl across regions can result in the introduction of the virus to new geographical areas, particularly during migration seasons when large flocks travel over significant distances. The ecological behavior of wild birds, such as their interaction with farms and domestic birds, highlights their role as both reservoirs and vectors for the disease, making them a crucial factor in the epidemiology of HPAI. While contaminated poultry products, illegal exotic bird smuggling, and domestic poultry trade can contribute to the spread of pathogens in general, the primary driver for the introduction of HPAI into North America in this instance was the natural movement of infected wild migratory waterfowl. This emphasizes the importance of wildlife management and monitoring in understanding and controlling the spread of transboundary diseases like HPAI.